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- IELTS Reading Matching Headings
- IELTS Reading Multiple Choice Questions
- IELTS Reading Sentence Completion
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IELTS Reading Passage – Fun for the Masses
Fun for the masses
A. Are you as affluent as you used to be? Despite 6 years of comfortable economic growth, Americans fret about that question. Business analysts who plumb government wage statistics agree that Americans’ wages, as regular in increase- modify dollard, have stood up more slowly in the past vicennial than in earlier times, and that some toilers’ real wages have really fallen. They also agree that by almost any measure, wage is issued less fairly than it used to be. Neither of those assert, however, sheds much illumination on whether lifestyles are increasing or falling. This is due to ‘ lifestyle’ being a highly shapeless notion. Measuring how many residents is relatively easy, at least in contrast with measuring how better they live.
B. A recent paper by Dora Costa, an economist at the Massachusetts organization of automation, looks at the lifestyle discussion from an uncommon direction. Rather than fret about wages, Ms Costa tested Americans’ recreational practice over the past hundredfold. She finds that residents of all wage levels have regularly increased the amount of time and money they allocate to having entertainment. The issuing of dollar wage may have become more titled in not long ago, but time off is more evenly laid than ever.
C. Ms Costa founded her testing on utilization study dating back down to 1888. The industrial toilers in that year spent, on average, tripartite of their wages for clothing, food and shelter. Less than 2% of the average household wage was spent on time off but that average hid huge discrepancy. The portion of a household budget that was spent on having entertainment rose steeply with its wage: the lowest-wage household in the working- standard for example spent barely1% of their forecast on recreation, while higher salaried workers spent more than 3%. Only that final group could provide such spendthrifts as theater and concert shows, which were comparatively much more costly than they are today.
D. Since those days, time off has regularly become less of an opulence. By 1991, the average family was required to allocate only 38% of its income to the origin requirements, and was able to spend 6% on recreation. Besides, Ms Costa finds that the share of the household budget spent on time off now stands up much less steeply with income than it used to. At the dawn of this hundredfold a family’s recreational payout was to rise by 20% for every 10% rise in income. By 1972-1973, a 10% income gain guided to a 15% rise in recreational payout, and the increase fell to only 13% in 1991. What this implicit is that Americans of all wages are now able to payout much more of their money on having entertainment.
E. One clear cause is that actual income overall has stood up. If Americans in general are affluent, their utilization of amusement goods is less likely to be pretentious by swaps in their income. But Ms Costa reckons that stand up incomes are answerable for, at most, half of the exchanging form of time off pay out. Much of the relaxation may be due to the reality that poverty-stricken Americans have more leisure than they used to. In infancy low-wage toilers faced exceedingly long hours and enjoyed few days off. But since the 1940’s the less qualified (and lower paid) have toilers ever- hardly any hours, giving them more time to enjoy time off chasing.
F. Effortlessly, Americans have had a growing number of recreational chances to select from. Public investing in sports complicated, parks and golf courses has made time off inexpensive and more reachable. So too has automation alteration. Where hearing to music used to implicitly pay for show tickets or possess a piano, the origination of the radio made music reachable to everyone and effectively free. Compact discs, videos and other equipment have broadened the choice even further.
G. At a time when many business analysts are pointing impeach fingers at automation for causing a broader imbalance in the payment of qualified and unqualified toilers, Ms Costa’s testing gives it a much more impartial face. High wage earners have always been able to provide entertainment. By over-casting the price of amusement, automation has improved the quality of living of those in the under end of the income issue. The suggestion of her solutions is that once recreation is taken into account, the variation in America’s lifestyle may not be broadened so much after all.
H. These findings are not leakproof. Ms Costa’s results commit totally upon what is precisely classed as recreational spending. Reading is a sample. This was the most familiar time off activity for toil men in 1888, considered for one-fourth of all recreational expenditure. In1991, reading took only 16% of the relaxation dollar. Yet the American Department of Labour’s sending surveys do not differentiate between the buy of a mathematics tome and that of a finest- selling novel. Both are categorized as recreational spending. If more money is being spent on textbooks and executive books now than in years, this could make ‘ recreational’ expenditure seem more powerful than it in fact is.
I. Even though Ms Costa tries to label this issue by showing that her outcomes still clasp even when difficult categories, such as books, are removed from the example, the strain is not absolutely removed. Nevertheless, her broad result looks equitable. Recreation is more obtainable to all and less dependent on income. On this estimate at least, the imbalance in living standards has fallen.
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Fun for the Masses Reading Questions
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage has nine paragraphs A-I. From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xi) for the questions 1-7.
List of headings
i. Wide differences in leisure activities according to income
ii. Possible inconsistencies in Ms Costa’s data
iii. More personal income and time influence leisure activities
iv. Investigating the lifestyle problem from a new angle
v. Increased incomes fail to benefit everyone
vi. A controversial development offers cheaper leisure activities
vii. Technology heightens differences in living standards
viii. The gap between income and leisure spending closes
ix. Two factors have led to a broader range of options for all
x. Have people’s lifestyles improved?
xi. High earners spend less on leisure
Example Answer
Paragraph E iii
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G
7 Paragraph H
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Questions 8-12
Complete each of the following statements (Questions 8 -12) using words from the passage.8. It is easier to determine_____________ than living standards.9. A decrease in _____________ during the 20th century led to a bigger investment in leisure.10. According to Ms Costa, how much Americans spend on leisure has been directly affected by salaries and___________ 11. The writer notes both positive and negative influences of___________12. According to the writer, the way Ms Costa defined ______________may have been misleading.
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Questions 13
Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13. The writer thinks that Ms Costa
A. provides strong evidence to support her theory.
B. displays serious flaws in her research methods.
C. attempts to answer too many questions.
D. has a useful overall point to make.
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Fun for the masses Reading Answers
1.X
2.iv
3.i
4.viii
5.ix
6.vi
7.ii
8.income level
9.non-luxury spending
10.holiday time(h6)
11.computer technology
12.recreational activities
13.D
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